11th Zeeqad: Birth Anniversary of Imam Ali Ibne Moosa Al-Ridhaa

Shaheed Foundation Pakistan (Regd) extends its heartiest greetings and felicitations to Masoomeen (A.S), Imam-e-Zamana (a.t.f.s) , Rahber-e-Moazzam Syed Ali Khamenei Marajai uzzam, Ullma e Karam, khanwada e shohada and all Momineen o Mominaat on the auspicious occassion of the birth anniversary of the eighth Imam Hazrat Ali Ibn-e-Moosa Al-Ridhaa.(AS).


Name: Ali.
Agnomen: Abu l-Hasan ath-Thani.
Title: Ar-Ridha.
Father: Musa ibn Jaafar.
Mother: Najma, also known as Taktum.
Birth: 11th Dhu l-Qaadah, 148 AH in Medina.
Death: 29th Safar, 203 AH in Mashhad, Tus (Khurasan).


Imam Reza's a.s Historical Journey to Khurasan


1. Birth
Imam Ali ar-Ridha a.s was the son of the seventh Imam and according to well-known accounts was born in 148/765 and died in 203/817.

2. Political Circumstances of His Imamate
Imam ar-Ridha (a.s.) became the Imam at the age of thirtyfive, through Divine Command and the decree of his forefathers. The period of his imamate coincided with the caliphate of Haroon and then his sons Amin and Maamun.

Haroon had appointed Amin as his successor with the condition that the latter would name his brother, Maamun, as his successor. But after the death of Haroon in 194, Amin named his own son, Musa, as his successor. This became a cause of conflict between the brothers which led to bloody wars and finally the assasination of Amin in 198, after which Maamun became caliph. Imam ar-Ridha took advantage of this chaotic situation and continued the tradition of his forefathers in educating and teaching his companions and followers.

Until that day the policy of the Abbaasid caliphate toward the Shiaites had been increasingly harsh and cruel. Every once in a while one of the supporters of Ali would revolt, causing bloody wars and rebellions which were of great difficulty and consequence for the caliphate.

The Shiaite Imams would not cooperate with those who carried out these rebellions and would not interfere with their affairs. The Shiaites of that day, who comprised a considerable population, continued to consider the Imams as their religious leaders to whom obedience was obligatory and believed in them as the real caliphs of the Holy Prophet. They considered the caliphate to be far from the sacred authority of their Imams, for the caliphate had come to seem more like the courts of the Persian kings and Roman emperors, and was being run by a group of people more interested in worldly rule than in the strict application of religious principles. The continuation of such a situation was dangerous for the structure of the caliphate and was a serious threat to it.

Maamun thought of finding a new solution for these difficulties which the seventy-year old policy of his Abbaasid predecessors had not been able to solve. To accomplish this end he adopted some pro-Shiaite policies: he openly used to say that Imam Ali bin Abi Talib was better suited for caliphate than Abu Bakr or Umar ibn Khattab.

he openly used to curse Muawiya bin Abi Sufyan.
he gave Fadak back to the descendants of Ali and Fatima.
he chose Imam Ali ar-Ridha as his successor, hoping in this way to overcome two difficulties: first of all to prevent the descendants of the Prophet from rebelling against the government since they would be involved in the government themselves, and secondly, to cause the people to lose their spiritual belief and inner attachment to the Imams. This would be accomplished by having the Imams become engrossed in worldly matters and politics itself, which had always been considered by the Shiaites to be evil and impure. In this way their religious organization would crumble and they would no longer present any danger to the caliphate. Obviously, after accomplishing these ends, the removal of the Imam would present no difficulties to the Abbaasids.

3. Imam ar-Ridha's Historical Journey to Marw
In order to have his last decision put into effect, Maamun asked Imam ar-Ridha to come to Marw from Medina. This was the longest journey undertaken by any of the Shia Imams: from Medina (north-west of Arabia) to Marw (in Turkmenistan, north of the Afghan border). The Imam passed through southern Iraq, into sourthern Persia on to the famous city of Neshapur and further north into Turkmenistan.

This journey itself availed an opportunity for the Muslim populace to see the Shia Imam (a descendant of the Holy Prophet) in person and hear his words of wisdom. While the Imam was about to leave Nishapur, the scholars of the city took hold of his camel's reign and insisted upon him to narrate from his forefathers: The Imam obliged as follows: My father, Musa bin Jaafar, narrated to me from his father, Jaafar bin Muhammad, who narrated from his father, Muhammad bin Ali, who narrated from his father, Ali ibn al-Husayn, who narrated from his father, al-Husayn bin Ali, who narrated from his father, Ali bin Abi Talib, who said, I heard the Prophet (s.a.w.) saying, "I heard Jibrail saying, 'The Almighty Allah said, "I surely am the God besides whom there is no god, so worship Me. Whoever comes with the testimony of tawhid sincerely, he has surely entered My castle; and whoever enters My castle, he shall be protected from My chastisement."'"

Then the Imam added that this salvation is guaranteed "with its conditions; and I am one of its conditions." That is, together with tawhid, one must also believe in other fundamentals of Islam like nubuwwa and imamat in order to gain salvation in the hereafter. Because of its excellent chain of narrators, this hadith is known as "hadith silsilatu 'dh-dhabab hadith with the golden chain [of narrators]."


4. Maamun's Decision & Its Consequences
Finally Imam ar-Ridha arrived at Marw. Maamun offered him first the caliphate and then the succession to the caliphate. The Imam made his apologies and turned down the proposal, but he was finally compelled to accept the successorship the Imam accepted the successorship with the condition that he would not interfere in governmental affairs or in the appointment or dismissal of government agents.

This event occurred in 200/814. But soon Maamun realized that he had committed an error, for there was a rapid spread of Shiaism, a growth in the attachment of the populace to the Imam, and an astounding reception was given to the Imam by the people and even by the army and govenment agents. For example, once just a few days before an Eid, Maamun asked Imam ar-Ridha to lead the Eid prayer. The Imam refused at first, but then Maamun insisted. Finally, the Imam accepted but on the condition that he would lead the prayer the way the Prophet used to do. On the day of Eid, all the high ranking officials of Maamun came to the Imam's house and waited for him outside. There were also many common people waiting for the Imam as well. The holy Imam came out of the house, barefooted, and started walking calmly with a walking stick in one hand. The officials stepped down from their horses and started walking behind the Imam. After every few steps he would stop and look towards the sky and say "Allahu Akbar." The official entourage and the masses followed the Imam in what he was doing. Soon the entire city of Marw was ringing with the sound of "Allahu Akbar". Maamun was informed by his spies that if this procession continues to the prayer area, the masses could easily turn against the Abbaasids and in favour of the Ahlul Bayt. Maamun immediately sent an emissary with the message to the Imam that by insisting that you lead the prayer, we have put you in difficulty so please return to your residence and the Eid prayer will be led by the regular imam. The Imam ordered that his shoes and horse be brought, he got on it and returned home. This episode made it clear for the people that Maamun was not sincere in his show of respect towards Imam ar-Ridha: he would respect him as long as that did not endanger his own caliphate.

Unlike other caliphs, Maamun displayed great interest in having works on the intellectual sciences translated into Arabic. He organised gatherings in which scholars of different religions and sects assembled and carried out scientific and scholarly debates. Imam Ali ar-Ridha also participated in these assemblies and joined in the discussions with scholars of other religions. Many of these debates are recorded in the collections of Shiaite hadiths. These debates also gave a high profile to the Imam's status in knowledge to the extent that people started making comments that Ali ar-Ridha is more deserving of the caliphate than Maamun.

Concerned with the spread of Shiaism and the popularity of Imam ar-Ridha, Maamun sought to find a remedy for this difficulty he had the Imam poisoned and martyred. After his death the Imam was buried in the city of Tus in Iran, which is now called Mashhad.

5. Words of Wisdom
Some one asked Imam ar-Ridha, "Where is God?"
The Imam: "This is an invalid question because God created space; He cannot be limited to a place or recognized by the senses; He is unlike everything."
"When did God come to exist?"
The Imam: "Tell me when He did not exist, so that I can tell when he came to exist!"
"What is the proof that the world was created?"
The Imam: "It did not exist, and then came to being. You know that the world did not create itself."
"Can you describe God for us?"
The Imam: "Whoever describes God by attributes of other things is mistaken and misguided. I will describe God the way He has described Himself without forming any shape or image in my mind:
"He is not perceived by the [five] senses.
"He cannot be compared to people.
"He is wellknown without resemblance to anything.
"He is not unjust in His judgements."


* * *


"What is iman (faith) and what is islam (submission)?"
The Imam: "Iman is superior to islam; taqwa (constant consciousness of God) is superior to faith; conviction is superior to taqwa..."
"What is conviction?"
The Imam: "Putting your trust in God, and submitting yourself to His command and wish, and being pleased with His decree, and leaving the final decision to Him."


* * *


"Why did the people turn away from Ali and accept others as caliphs while they knew of his exemplary services to Islam and his high status in the eyes of the Prophet?"
The Imam: "Since Ali had killed many of their fathers, uncles, brothers and relatives who had come to fight against Islam; and this created the feeling of animosity in their hearts against Ali and, consequently, they did not like that Ali should become their leader. They did not harbour such feelings against the other [caliphs] since they did not hold the same [high] position with the Prophet as that of Ali neither did they rank equal to him in defending Islam in jihad. This is the reason why people turned away from Ali and accepted oth

Source : https://www.imamreza.net/old/eng/imamreza.php?id=7709